III. 退出封建制度
在香格里拉的神話裡面,舊西藏的人民與他們寺院的和世俗的領主們處於
這讓我們想起了理想化的封建歐洲。這種歐洲被後日的如G.K
在它所有的陰暗事實已被審視之後,舊西藏確認了我在前面的一本書中
那麼這些更富有的喇嘛們就只是一些嘴上說一套,背地裡做一套的偽君
也許可以說我們這些現代世俗社會下的居民們不能理解幸福,痛苦
許多普通的西藏人想要達賴喇嘛回到他們的國家,但是看起來沒有多少
「…沒有多少西藏人願意歡迎那個在1959年隨著他逃亡的
,組成他大部分顧問的,腐朽的貴族階層的回來。例如 ,許多西藏農民,對把他們在中國的土地改革中獲得的土地歸還給貴族 階層毫無興趣。西藏的前奴隸說他們也不想他們的前主人們重掌權力 。『我已經在以前過了一次那種生活了,』 旺秋 (Wangchuk),一個67歲的前奴隸說道。他正穿著他最好的 衣服去日喀則,藏傳佛教最神聖的聖地之一,進行每年一次的朝聖 。他說他崇拜達賴喇嘛,但是補充道,『也許我在中國的共產主義之下 並不自由,但是我比我在是一個奴隸的時候好多了。』」〔57〕
值得注意的是達賴喇嘛並非唯一的在孩提時代就被作為轉世重生而挑選
第一個活佛是一個被稱作喀瑪巴的喇嘛,他先於第一個達賴喇嘛三個世
恩裡克‧卡倫(Erik Curren) 提醒我們,對活佛的尋找並非總是以好萊塢電影描述的那種純粹的精神
這也許就是十七世喀瑪巴是如何被挑選的。他流亡中的寺院是 隆德寺 (Rumtek), 在印度北方的錫金國(Sikkim) 。在1993年,喀瑪噶舉教派的僧侶們有了一個他們自己的侯選人
隨後發生的是在西藏流亡社區的長達十幾年的衝突,值得一提的包括有
清楚的是並非所有的西藏佛教徒都接受達賴喇嘛作為他們神學上的和精
並非所有的西藏流亡者都迷戀舊的香格里拉神權統治。金‧劉易斯
這些被劉易斯採訪的婦女們講述了她們的祖母們從僧侶那裡作為
這些婦女還提到,在那些所謂靈性與有節制的格魯教派僧侶之間
這些在加州獲得政治避難的僧侶們要申請公眾的援助。劉易斯
他們每月還收到他們教派的款項,還有來自於美國信徒們的貢獻和捐獻
歡迎舊的封建神權統治在西藏的結束,並不等於對中國加於這個國家的
西方的佛教徒們常常抱怨西藏的宗教文化正在被中國佔領所損害
中國的統治是帶來了進步還是災難不是這裡的中心話題
最後,讓我們說,如果西藏的未來將在中國正出現的自由市場的天堂中
中國的工人如果試圖在公司主宰的「工業園區」 裡組織工會的話,就會有失去工作或者被毆打和監禁的危險
中國的自然環境不幸被污染了。許多著名的河流和湖泊都死去了
中國自己的科研機構報告說除非溫室氣體得到控制,這個國家在未來的
如果中國是快速發展的自由市場的一個成功故事,並且將成為西藏未來
(全文完)
註釋:
0. 原譯文的標題是「友好的封建制度:西藏之謎」。現標題是編者修改的
1. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God, (University of California Press, 2000), 6, 112-113, 157.
2. Kyong-Hwa Seok, "Korean Monk Gangs Battle for Temple Turf," San Francisco Examiner, 3 December 1998.
3. Los Angeles Times, February 25, 2006.
4. Dalai Lama quoted in Donald Lopez Jr., Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West (Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 1998), 205.
5. Erik D. Curren, Buddha's Not Smiling: Uncovering Corruption at the Heart of Tibetan Buddhism Today (Alaya Press 2005), 41.
6. Stuart Gelder and Roma Gelder, The Timely Rain: Travels in New Tibet (Monthly Review Press, 1964), 119, 123; and Melvyn C. Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama (University of California Press, 1995), 6-16.
7. Curren, Buddha's Not Smiling, 50.
8. Stephen Bachelor, "Letting Daylight into Magic: The Life and Times of Dorje Shugden," Tricycle: The Buddhist Review, 7, Spring 1998. Bachelor discusses the sectarian fanaticism and doctrinal clashes that ill fit the Western portrait of Buddhism as a non-dogmatic and tolerant tradition.
9. Dhoring Tenzin Paljor, Autobiography, cited in Curren, Buddha's Not Smiling, 8.
10. Pradyumna P. Karan, The Changing Face of Tibet: The Impact of Chinese Communist Ideology on the Landscape (Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 1976), 64.
11. See Gary Wilson's report in Worker's World, 6 February 1997.
12. Gelder and Gelder, The Timely Rain, 62 and 174.
13. As skeptically noted by Lopez, Prisoners of Shangri-La, 9.
14. Melvyn Goldstein, William Siebenschuh, and Tashì-Tsering, The Struggle for Modern Tibet: The Autobiography of Tashì-Tsering (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1997) . 香港明鏡出版社中文版題為《西藏是我家》,扎西次仁口述,梅爾文
15. Gelder and Gelder, The Timely Rain, 110.
16. Melvyn C. Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet 1913-1951 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), 5 and passim.
17. Anna Louise Strong, Tibetan Interviews (Peking: New World Press, 1959), 15, 19-21, 24.
18. Quoted in Strong, Tibetan Interviews, 25.
19. Strong, Tibetan Interviews, 31.
20. Gelder and Gelder, The Timely Rain, 175-176; and Strong, Tibetan Interviews, 25-26.
21. Gelder and Gelder, The Timely Rain, 113.
22. A. Tom Grunfeld, The Making of Modern Tibet rev. ed. (Armonk, N.Y. and London: 1996), 9 and 7-33 for a general discussion of feudal Tibet; see also Felix Greene, A Curtain of Ignorance (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1961), 241-249; Goldstein, A History of Modern Tibet, 3-5; and Lopez, Prisoners of Shangri-La, passim.
23. Strong, Tibetan Interviews, 91-96.
24. Waddell, Landon, O'Connor, and Chapman are quoted in Gelder and Gelder, The Timely Rain, 123-125.
25. Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon, 52.
26. Heinrich Harrer, Return to Tibet (New York: Schocken, 1985), 29.
27. See Kenneth Conboy and James Morrison, The CIA's Secret War in Tibet (Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 2002); and William Leary, "Secret Mission to Tibet," Air & Space, December 1997/January 1998.
28. On the CIA's links to the Dalai Lama and his family and entourage, see Loren Coleman, Tom Slick and the Search for the Yeti (London: Faber and Faber, 1989).
29. Leary, "Secret Mission to Tibet."�
30. Hugh Deane, "The Cold War in Tibet,"� CovertAction Quarterly (Winter 1987).
31. George Ginsburg and Michael Mathos Communist China and Tibet (1964), quoted in Deane, "The Cold War in Tibet." Deane notes that author Bina Roy reached a similar conclusion.
32. See Greene, A Curtain of Ignorance, 248 and passim; and Grunfeld, The Making of Modern Tibet, passim.
33. Harrer, Return to Tibet, 54.
34. Karan, The Changing Face of Tibet, 36-38, 41, 57-58; London Times, 4 July 1966.
35. Gelder and Gelder, The Timely Rain, 29 and 47-48.
36. Tendzin Choegyal, "The Truth about Tibet," Imprimis (publication of Hillsdale College, Michigan), April 1999.
37. Karan, The Changing Face of Tibet, 52-53.
38. Elaine Kurtenbach, Associate Press report, 12 February 1998.
39. Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon, 47-48.
40. Curren, Buddha's Not Smiling, 8.
41. San Francisco Chonicle, 9 January 2007.
42. Report by the International Committee of Lawyers for Tibet, A Generation in Peril (Berkeley Calif.: 2001), passim.
43. International Committee of Lawyers for Tibet, A Generation in Peril, 66-68, 98.
44. im Mann, "CIA Gave Aid to Tibetan Exiles in '60s, Files Show," Los Angeles Times, 15 September 1998; and New York Times, 1 October, 1998.
45. News & Observer, 6 September 1995, cited in Lopez, Prisoners of Shangri-La, 3.
46. Heather Cottin, "George Soros, Imperial Wizard," CovertAction Quarterly no. 74 (Fall 2002).
47. Goldstein, The Snow Lion and the Dragon, 51.
48. Tendzin Choegyal, "The Truth about Tibet."�
49. The Dalai Lama in Marianne Dresser (ed.), Beyond Dogma: Dialogues and Discourses (Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic Books, 1996)
50. These comments are from a book of the Dalai Lama's writings quoted in Nikolai Thyssen, "Oceaner af onkel Tom," Dagbladet Information, 29 December 2003, (translated for me by Julius Wilm). Thyssen's review (in Danish) can be found at http://www.information.dk
51. "A Global Call for Human Rights in the Workplace,"� New York Times, 6 December 2005.
52. San Francisco Chronicle, 14 January 2007.
53. San Francisco Chronicle, 5 November 2005.
54. Times of India 13 October 2000; Samantha Conti's report, Reuter, 17 June 1994; Amitabh Pal, "The Dalai Lama Interview," Progressive, January 2006.
55. The Gelders draw this comparison, The Timely Rain, 64.
56. Michael Parenti, The Culture Struggle (Seven Stories, 2006).
57. John Pomfret, "Tibet Caught in China's Web,�" Washington Post, 23 July 1999.
58. Curren, Buddha's Not Smiling, 3.
59. Curren, Buddha's Not Smiling, 13 and 138.
60. Curren, Buddha's Not Smiling, 21.
61. Curren, Buddha's Not Smiling, passim. For books that are favorable toward the Karmapa appointed by the Dalai Lama's faction, see Lea Terhune, Karmapa of Tibet: The Politics of Reincarnation (Wisdom Publications, 2004); Gaby Naher, Wrestling the Dragon (Rider 2004); Mick Brown, The Dance of 17 Lives (Bloomsbury 2004).
62. Erik Curren, "Not So Easy to Say Who is Karmapa," correspondence, 22 August 2005, www.buddhistchannel.tv/index
63. Kim Lewis, correspondence to me, 15 July 2004.
64. Kim Lewis, correspondence to me, 16 July 2004.
65. Ma Jian, Stick Out Your Tongue (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2006).
66. See the PBS documentary, China from the Inside, January 2007, KQED.PBS.org/kqed/chinanside.
67. San Francisco Chronicle, 9 January 2007.
68. "China: Global Warming to Cause Food Shortages,"� People's Weekly World, 13 January 2007
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